Annotated Bibliography

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Alexander, Michelle. “The New Jim Crow.” American Prospect, vol. 22, no. 1, Jan. 2011, pp. A19–A21. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=56522975&site=ehost-live&scope=siteLinks to an external site.

  • Links to an external site.Alexander’s introduction heavily influenced the direction of the paper, relating the issue of mass incarceration with the technology of ankle monitors and electronic monitoring. She states parallels within the current issue of mass incarceration and the Jim Crow era of discrimination. The text was briefly mentioned in the introduction, through a statistic that visualized the first falling out of the ankle monitor, with the decrease of incarcerated individuals within the United States.

Anderson, Emma. “The Evolution of Electronic Monitoring Devices.” NPR, 24 May 2014, https://www.npr.org/2014/05/22/314874232/the-history-of-electronic-monitoring-devicesLinks to an external site..

  • Emma Anderson for NPR reports on the history of electronic monitoring devices, describing the device’s change of nature, through the account of Robert Gable, the original creator, and through their current use in the criminal justice system. The article drove the introduction’s narrative-style of prose, providing context important to the audience, and to where I needed to direct my research to. Gable’s original perspective of monitoring for positive reinforcement contrasts what monitored individuals experience in the present heavily made me see the distortion of electronic monitoring, and their addition to the problem of mass incarceration.

  • Originally used in my Context Project titled, “Shackled within Society: Ankle Monitors & Mass Incarceration” I reused the article to remind the reader the original intended purpose of the ankle monitor. Anderson’s interview with original creator Robert Gable once again provides a stark contrast between the current punitive state of ankle monitors and the original intended purpose for positive reinforcement.

Arnett, Chaz. From Decarceration to E-Carceration. SSRN Scholarly Paper, ID 3388009, Social Science Research Network, 14 May 2019, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3388009Links to an external site..

  • Arnett Chaz highlights the growing issue of electronic monitoring and ankle monitors, within the current push of decarceration to address mass incarceration within the United States. The move coined as “e-carceration” explores the issues with ankle monitors through a legal perspective with the social perspective of marginalization that Arnett argues others fail to mention. The idea of social marginalization is integrated of this paper, as the ideas (such as state and agency action) perpetuated intend to challenge monitored individuals against contemporary society. Meanwhile, Arnett’s commentary and articulation of solutions, for example, mentioning court cases, to electronic monitoring provides the structure needed to advocate for reform on a legislative level.

Betancourt, Sarah. “‘Traumatizing and Abusive’: Immigrants Reveal Personal Toll of Ankle Monitors.” The Guardian, 12 July 2021, http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jul/12/immigrants-report-physical-emotional-harms-electronic-ankle-monitorsLinks to an external site..

  • The Guardian’s Sarah Betancourt reports on the mental state of immigrants using ankle monitors, through accounts gathered by the journalist. Betancourt mentions the conversation regarding the use of ankle monitors in the criminal justice system, including the actions taken by BI Incorporated and the Biden and Trump administration. The effects of electronic monitoring are emphasized when exploring the demographics of those under monitoring, compounding with the additional stresses of immigration.

Crabtree, Steve. “Most Americans Say Policing Needs ‘Major Changes.’” Gallup, 22 July 2020, https://news.gallup.com/poll/315962/americans-say-policing-needs-major-changes.aspxLinks to an external site..

  •  The Gallup poll is briefly mentioned in the introduction section of the paper, and indicates the low popularity of police abolishment, which is heavily argued by the work of Angela Davis. Although there is no strong support for abolishment, the poll represents the overall need for dialogue and reform in the space of criminal justice, which would implicitly include electronic monitoring.

Cross, Amy, et al. “Reducing the Overrepresentation of Black People in the Jail Population and Criminal Justice System More Broadly.” Vera Institute of Justice, May 2020, https://www.vera.org/jail-incarceration-in-wayne-county-michigan/reducing-the-overrepresentation-of-black-people-in-the-jail-population-and-criminal-justice-system-more-broadlyLinks to an external site..

  • The Vera Institute allowed me to look at electronic monitoring in relation to mass incarceration and the overrepresentation of Black individuals. Amy Cross provides data on incarceration from 2018 to 2019 and attempts to address the overall issue of mass incarceration within Wayne County. The specific chapter explores the racial disparities, including the increased likelihood of Black individuals on electronic monitoring. Mentioned within the first section was a specific statistic that drove a look within the issue of positioning ankle monitors as solutions, when they mainly continue a problem within the racial dimension.

Crump, Catherine, and Amisha Gandhi. "Electronic Monitoring of Youth in the California Justice System." Berkley Law, 16 Nov. 2020, https://www.law.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Samuelson-Electronic-Monitoring-Youth-California-Addl-Data-11_2020.pdfLinks to an external site..

  • Catherine Crump and Amisha Gandhi’s report was shorter but contained a plethora of information regarding juvenile delinquents in California under electronic incarceration. As there was some difficulty finding specific data on electronic monitoring, the juvenile dimension allowed me to expand on the implications on the overall mass incarcerated. Furthermore, the report allowed me to transition from the introduction, and formally bridge the original target of ankle monitors (juveniles) and their current targets (juveniles and others), contrasting the differences from positive reinforcement and actual punishment.

Davis, Angela Y. Are Prisons Obsolete? Seven Stories Press, 2003.

  • Are Prisons Obsolete? approaches criminal reform through the idea of abolition, asking for the transformation of society and our institutions to eradicate prison and incarceration as an idea and an institution currently used. Chapter six, “Abolitionist Alternatives” stood out to me in the same manner James Kilgore equally advocates for how electronic monitoring should be treated, not as an “alternative” to incarceration. Her push for abolishment is not popular but provides conversation on possible reforms within the criminal justice system and electronic monitoring.

Eisenberg, Avlana K. "Mass Monitoring." Southern California Law Review, vol. 90, no. 2, January 2017, p. 123-180. HeinOnline, https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/scal90&i=151Links to an external site..

  • Avlana K. Eisenburg concludes that electronic monitoring, “…is not inherently rehabilitative, nor is it inherently cost saving or progressive,” (180). Examining electronic monitoring against mass incarceration, Eisenburg categorizes ankle monitors as a failure. This paper includes Eisenburg’s proposals on financing ankle monitors, along with the suggestion that ankle monitoring could help individuals, but only through rehabilitation, as a companion. Both ideas contribute to the argument of what should and what should not be done in addressing electronic monitoring. Specifically, with rehabilitation, the suggestion provides ethos to the current conversations of monitoring.

Franceschi-Bicchierai, Lorenzo. “Contractor Exposed the Movements of People Wearing Ankle GPS Bracelets.” Vice, 15 June 2021, https://www.vice.com/en/article/3aqagy/contractor-exposed-the-movements-of-people-wearing-ankle-gps-braceletsLinks to an external site..

  • Franceschi-Bicchierai’s article is used to advocate for the regulation of data used by agencies from electronic monitoring companies like the BI Corporation. Providing a report from Chicago illustrates the domestic issue of electronic monitoring reaching from Illinois to New Mexico. The article mentions James Kilgore’s activism against electronic monitoring, which strengthens Kilgore’s argument within the paper, and towards the e-carceration front.

Gable, Robert S. “The Ankle Bracelet Is History: An Informal Review of the Birth and Death of a Monitoring Technology.” Journal of Offender Monitoring, vol. 27, no. 01, 2014, pp. 4–8, https://www.civicresearchinstitute.com/online/PDF/The%20Ankle%20Bracelet%20Is%20History.pdfLinks to an external site..

  • Original creator of the ankle monitor Robert Gable tells the story of the ankle monitor, and specifically the legacy, as Gable deems the monitor becoming outlived by newer technology. The overarching story, along with the interview with Judge L. Love also helped expand the context within the introduction and filled the gaps between the story of the ankle monitor.

Glaser, April. "Incarcerated at Home: The Rise of Ankle Monitors and House Arrest during the Pandemic." NBC News, 5 July 2021, https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/incarcerated-home-rise-ankle-monitors-house-arrest-during-pandemic-n1273008Links to an external site..

  • Glaser reporting for NBC News reported on research from George Washington University’s Kate Weisburd and provides discussion from different law and justice experts on the use of ankle monitors rising during the Coronavirus pandemic, with a preface on their original history. Encapsulating on the struggles within electronic monitoring, Glaser provides perspective on the rise by providing the account of Evelyn Canal, a youth activist for Dream Beyond Bars who was a former ankle monitor user, corroborating with a report from UC Berkley that many juveniles are under surveillance. Glaser follows the story of Evelyn Canal and mentions how ankle monitors are tricky because of their ability to help, as referenced in a case related to the January 6th Capitol incident, but also to harm in the direct examples of the fees attributed to using ankle monitors. The tricky situations mentioned by Glaser allowed me to address a possible counterargument in the introduction of this text, which allowed me to pivot the audience to consider ankle monitors in the scale of mass incarceration. Overall, the anecdotes reported by Glaser allowed me to evaluate the issues of ankle monitoring, alongside the relations the issues had with mass incarceration.

Kilgore, James. “Electronic Monitoring Is Not the Answer.” MediaJustice, 4 Oct. 2015, https://mediajustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/EM-Report-Kilgore-final-draft-10-4-15.pdfLinks to an external site..

  • Activist James Kilgore is at the forefront of challenging electronic monitoring, with his report encapsulating the groundwork to challenge electronic monitoring. His work is mentioned throughout the conversation in other works such as Franceschi-Bicchierai, Arnett, and Eisenburg. As a former individual on electronic monitoring, Kilgore provides credible information on addressing pathos of the situation, while identifying weaknesses withing electronic monitoring that needs to be urgently addressed.

--. “Progress or More of the Same? Electronic Monitoring and Parole in the Age of Mass Incarceration.” Critical Criminology, vol. 21, no. 1, 2013, pp. 123–39, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-012-9165-0Links to an external site..

  • James Kilgore explores the issues of electronic monitoring, in relation to parole. Briefly, Kilgore talks about mass incarceration, along with the system’s move away from rehabilitation into punishment. Kilgore’s account on electronic monitoring companies was specifically used to build this paper’s ethos, as he perfectly described the conflict of interest between profit and incarceration. This paper and Kilgore’s journal article share similar sentiments, as we both define electronic monitoring as unable to be a fit alternative to incarceration.

Kirk, Gabriela. “The Limits of Expectations and the Minimization of Collateral Consequences: The Experience of Electronic Home Monitoring.” Social problems 68.3 (2021): 642–657. Web.

  • Gabriela Kirk, in the article within Volume 68, Issue 3 of Social Issues, published on August 3rd, 2021, considers multiple user’s experience under house arrest, to argue that their minimization of the effects of electronic home monitoring attributes to the social climate and overall problem within mass incarceration. There are multiple anecdotes told by Kirk, and how the implicit branding of “criminality” has collaterally affected the job and resident status of certain individuals. While electronic monitoring poses an alternative to incarceration, per advertising of the companies invested in deploying them, Kirk concludes that users synthesize their own perception of criminal justice to downplay possible downsides to the technology. Kirk’s argument is relevant within this paper, as my argument explores how electronic monitoring is similar incarceration. Using the journal’s anecdotes, I was able to use those perceptions to perpetuate the overall issue of positioning ankle monitors as alternatives to mass incarceration.

“Pretrial Detention Bill Gets New Focus on Ankle Monitors.” YouTube, uploaded by KRQE, 11 Feb. 2022, www.youtube.com/watch?v=HP2Iz-SSCRQLinks to an external site..

  • The KRQE news report continues the conversation on reform within the criminal justice system, especially as electronic monitoring is used in the pretrial process, which the mentioned bill specifically targets. The report goes into the concerns of the bill and provides all accounts in support and opposed to the new legislation. Within the paper, the news reports act as a bridge between the current perspectives on reform targeting electronic monitoring, while using the mentioned legislation as a model to reform, similar to the work done in Illinois.

The Institute for Illinois' Fiscal Sustainability. “Summary of Provisions in Illinois House Bill 3653: Criminal Justice Omnibus Bill.” The Civic Federation, 15 Feb. 2022, https://www.civicfed.org/iifs/blog/summary-provisions-illinois-house-bill-3653-criminal-justice-omnibus-billLinks to an external site..

  • The Institute for Illinois’ Fiscal Sustainability details House Bill 3653, mentioning the scope of police reform being done in Illinois. Focusing on the pretrial reform and electronic monitoring, the legislation validly ankle monitor’s punitive nature. Although the legislation was reasonably scrutinized further outside of the paper, the legislation provides the idea of efficacy to the reader; and is itself structure to the paper’s argument of reform.

Weisburd, Kate, et al. Electronic Prisons: The Operation of Ankle Monitoring in the Criminal Legal System. 41st ed., vol. 2021, George Washington University Law School, Public Law & Legal Theory Research Paper Series, 2021, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3930296Links to an external site..

  • Kate Weisburd, along with students at George Washington University expose the negative aspects of electronic monitoring through statistical and legislative analysis, asserting that monitoring contributes to the nationwide issue of mass incarceration; while, discussing alternatives and proposing solutions to each problem they raise. Through data gathered, Weisburd et al. uses graphs, tables, and maps to visualize the data from different regions in the United States, highlighting the nonuniformed rules individuals are subjected to. This paper heavily touches Weisburd and her law student’s work, as they provide a comprehensive overview on many of the aspects mentioned like high user fees and the confusing rules electronic monitoring entails.

Williams, Jenny, and Donald Weatherburn. Can Electronic Monitoring Reduce Reoffending? SSRN Scholarly Paper, ID 3390109, Social Science Research Network, 21 May 2019, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3390109Links to an external site..

  • The international paper by Williams and Weatherburn is used as a contrasting point to highlight the unlikely chance of using electronic monitoring with rehabilitation, even though as companions they are effective. Examining the report, Williams and Weatherburn conflict with Eisenburg’s conclusion on the costs of electronic monitoring. However, Eisenburg’s idea of rehabilitation is mainly used to perpetuate how electronic monitoring alone cannot address the issues within mass incarceration, and even with rehabilitation is unfeasible with the tricky deployment of monitoring services within the United States.
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