Full Bibliography

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Works Cited

Amos, Jason. Dropouts, Diplomas, and Dollars U.S. High Schools and the Nation's Economy. Alliance for Excellent Education . August 2008. 09 February 2017.

Burke, Lindsey. More Government Preschool: An Expensive and Unnecessary Middle Class Subsidy. 2 March 2010. 10 March 2016. <http://www.heritage.org/education/report/more-government-preschool-expensive-and-unnecessary-middle-class-subsidy>.

Castro, Joaquin. Pre-K Teacher Parity Act. 13 February 2017. 10 March 2017. <https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/115/hr1013/text>.

Dodge, Kenneth A., et. al. Impact of North Carolina's Early Childhood Programs and Policies on Educational Outcomes in Elementary School. 17 November 2016. 10 March 2017.

Education Week Research Center. "States Graded on Indicators for Early Years." Education Week 8 January 2015: 16-17. Magazine. 10 March 2017.

Glynn, Sarah Jane et. al. "The IMportance of Preschool and Child Care for Working Mothers." 8 May 2013. American Progress. Article . 10 March 2017. <https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/education/reports/2013/05/08/62519/the-importance-of-preschool-and-child-care-for-working-mothers/>.

Hamm, Katie. The Top 10 Myths About Preschool. 25 June 2013. 10 March 20217. <https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/education/reports/2013/06/25/67886/the-top-10-myths-about-preschool/>.

Head Start Program . Head Start Program Facts Fiscal Year 2015. 2015. 10 March 2017. <https://eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov/hslc/data/factsheets/docs/head-start-fact-sheet-fy-2015.pdf>.

Institute Staff. Heckman Study: Investment in Early Childhood Education Yields Substantial Gains for the Economy. 12 December 2016. 10 March 2017. <https://www.ineteconomics.org/perspectives/blog/heckman-study-investment-in-early-childhood-education-yields-substantial-gains-for-the-economy>.

K12 Academics. The History of Preschool in the United States. 2016. 10 March 2017. <http://www.k12academics.com/systems-formal-education/preschool-education/history-preschool-united-states#.WMZfTzvytPY>.

Mongeau, Lillian. "How Much Can High-Quality Universal Pre-K Reduca Achievement Gaps? ." Education Week 2016: 5. Magazine. 10 March 2017.

Nadworny, Elissa. A Lesson For Preschools: When It's Done Right, the Benefits Last. 17 November 2016. 10 March 2017. <http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2016/11/17/502299963/a-lesson-for-preschools-when-its-done-right-the-benefits-last>.

National Education Association. Identifying Achievement Gap and Community. 2002. February 2017. <http://www.nea.org/home/12464.htm>.

Orfield, Gary. Summary of "City-Suburban Desegregation: Parent and Student Perspectives in Metropolitan Boston," a Report by the Harvard Civil Rights Project. Vol. 31. 09 July 2006. 10 February 2017.

Ringmose, Charlotte. Social Welfare and Minding the Achievement Gap (Aview from Denmark)\. 2012. 2017.

Rothstein, Richard. The Story Behind Ferguson. March 2015. Article. February 2017.

—. Why Our Schools Are Segregated. May 2013. 11 February 2017.

Sanchez, Claudio. We Learned A Lot in 2016 About How Preschool Can Help Kids. National Public Radio. 27 December 2016. 10 March 2017. <http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2016/12/27/504712171/we-learned-a-lot-in-2016-about-how-preschool-can-help-kids>.

Stumm, Sophie von. "Socioeconomic Status amplifies the achievement gap throughout compulsory education independent of intelligence." 12 December 2016. January 2017.

The Nation's Report Card. 2015 Mathematics and Reading Assessments. 2015. February 2017. <https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/reading_math_2015/#mathematics?grade=4>.

U.S. Department of Education. A Matter of Equity: Preschool in America. April 2015. 12 March 2017. <https://www2.ed.gov/documents/early-learning/matter-equity-preschool-america.pdf>.

University of Missouri. Preschool Education Improves Alphabet LEtter Recognition, Study Finds. Prod. University of Missouri. 15 November 2016. 10 March 2017. <http://munews.missouri.edu/education/2016/1115-preschool-education-improves-alphabet-letter-recognition-study-finds/>.

von Stumm, Sophie. "Socioeconomic Status amplifies the achievement gap throughout compulsory education independent of intelligence." 12 December 2016. January 2017.

Westervelt, Eric. How Investing in Preschool Beats the Stock Marcket, Hands Down. 12 December 2016. 10 March 2017. <http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2016/12/12/504867570/how-investing-in-preschool-beats-the-stock-market-hands-down>.

Williams, Amanda. A Call for Change: Narrowing the Achievement Gap between White and Minority Students. 01 March 2011. <http://ucelinks.cdlib.org:8888/sfx_local?sid=CAPTURE:CAPTURE&month=3&issn=0009%2D8655&issue=2&atitle=A%20Call%20for%20Change%3A%20Narrowing%20the%20

Achievement%20Gap%20between%20White%20and%20Minority%20Students%2E&day=1&title=The%20Clearing%20House&volum>.

 

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Annotated Bibliography

Amos, Jason. Dropouts, Diplomas, and Dollars U.S. High Schools and the Nation's Economy. Alliance for Excellent Education . August 2008. 09 February 2017.

This article provided a lot of solid information regarding the effects of the achievement gap. The source is reliable because it is from the Alliance for Excellent Education which supports the growth and perfection of the education system. This was an integral part of my research paper because it gave me insight regarding the actual effects of the achievement gap on a national level.

 

Institute Staff. Heckman Study: Investment in Early Childhood Education Yields Substantial Gains for the Economy. 12 December 2016. 10 March 2017.

This paper foused on the financial means of funding preschool education to the entire nation’s kids. The author claimed that if the country sees the funding of preschool education, such as Head Start, then the country will see the gains because it provides more money to the nation. Thea author of this paper used inductive logic to convince the audience that the government should take the steps necessary to invest in the future of the country, children. This report is credible in many ways because it is analyzing the study done by Professor James J. Heckman of the highly regarded private school, University of Chicago. This source integrated well into my cost-benefit paragraph. Its statistics made efforts to fund preschool in order for it to be of more quality, more feasible. 

 

Mongeau, Lillian. "How Much Can High-Quality Universal Pre-K Reduce Achievement Gaps? ." Education Week 2016: 5. Magazine. 10 March 2017.

This excerpt of a magazine focused on the impact quality preschools have on children. It emphasized, that although there are preschool programs, there is not common ground in all of the programs, thus, it suggested that the government reform its funding, to make it so that there is more funding. The source used inductive logic to portray that the achievement gap could be eradicated with quality preschools, using hypothetical results, and current trends. This source is credible because it was made recently, and it is made by an education agency, the Education Week, which ensures that the agency is well-familiarized with the subject of education. I integrated information of this source in my paragraphs regarding the reasons why preschool reforms work. It helped intensify my arguments.

 

Orfield, Gary. Summary of "City-Suburban Desegregation: Parent and Student Perspectives in Metropolitan Boston," a Report by the Harvard Civil Rights Project. Vol. 31. 09 July 2006. 10 February 2017.

This article was a key source for my research paper, for it provided numerous of counterarguments regarding the causes of the achievement gap. This was definitely helpful because it also was key evidence to prove that the achievement gap was mainly located in inner cities. The source is reliable because a researcher from the University of Harvard wrote it, and conducted the research.  

 

Ringmose, Charlotte. Social Welfare and Minding the Achievement Gap (Aview from Denmark)\. 2012. 2017.

This source was important because it provided a different perspective regarding the achievement gap in an international level. The author is credible because she is a professor at the Aarhus University of Denmark. I used the information of this article to help me identify some key features that exist in the achievement gap, despite its location.

 

Rothstein, Richard. The Story Behind Ferguson. March 2015. Article. February 2017.

This was important for my research paper because it gave me insight regarding the actual effects of the achievement gap on a national level. The source is reliable because the author is a researcher in the field of Economics of the University of California Berkeley. A lot of my arguments were influenced on this article. This also provided the images I used for my research paper.

 

University of Missouri. Preschool Education Improves Alphabet LEtter Recognition, Study Finds. Prod. University of Missouri. 15 November 2016. 10 March 2017. <http://munews.missouri.edu/education/2016/1115-preschool-education-improves-alphabet-letter-recognition-study-finds/>.

This is a very important source because it allowed me to look into the reasons why preschool is important for kids. Using inductive reasoning, the author successfully claimed that if students learn the alphabet at a preschool, then they are able to learn other skills like reading. Because this study segment was attained from the University of Missouri, the source has more standing in terms of credibility, because an American University is always renowned and credible, due to its incredible research and prestige. This source was important to my paper because its recent publication date, made it relevant to my 2017 paper, and it allowed me to prove that preschool plays a critical role in the success of students.

 

von Stumm, Sophie. "Socioeconomic Status amplifies the achievement gap throughout compulsory education independent of intelligence." 12 December 2016. January 2017.

This is a research report written by Sophie von Stumm, a current student in the area of psychology in the Goldsmiths University of London. The author uses deductive reasoning by providing important results from a study done on the achievement gap, by testing twins out, and making important conclusions. This is a credible source because in her paper she provided important details regarding the means of her study, and the results of her study. I incorporated the information in this source in my introductory paragraph to demonstrate that the root of the achievement gap lies in the low-quality preschools, and the low participation of low income students in those programs.

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