AAA Legal Advisors. "Thailand Passes New Animal Rights Legislation." Thailand Passes New Animal Rights Legislation. Advanced Adjusting Associates Co. Ltd, 16 Jan. 2015. Web. 21 Feb. 2017. <http://www.aaacoth.com/2015/legal-news/thailand-passes-new-animal-rights-legislation/>.
- The name of the author isn’t given; however, the article is written by a Thai legal advising firm to inform people of some new wildlife regulations. It was probably for those who may run into legal troubles if they owned a wildlife attraction and was not aware of the new regulations. The firm states that it is “a first step in the right direction, but remains a work in progress” because the legislation does exempt traditional and religious killing of animals, including but not limited to Thailand local customs like animal fights. The laws and its details were passed by the National Legislative Assembly in Thailand; was fought for by the Thai Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (TSPCA). The firm seems to be mostly objective since its purpose is to give information about recent laws but the tone of the short article did seem in favor of the regulations and more pro-animal rights. I will be using this article to talk about current regulations/legislations in place that may or may not work and whether other ideas would better address the issue than these current ideas. The article was written in January of 2015 so the information is quite recent. However, it does mention other earlier laws that went into effect before it was written/published.
- I will be using this as evidence and background information on the legislation portion of my paper to discuss why legislations fail to combat animal abuse and exploitation in Thailand.
Buckley, Ralph. "Endangered Animals Caught in the Tourist Trap." New Scientist. N.p., 10 Oct. 2012. Web. 31 Jan. 2017. <https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21628860-200-endangered-animals-caught-in-the-tourist-trap/>.
- The author of the article is Ralph Buckley, who directs the International Center for Ecotourism Research at Griffith University in Australia. His article contains a lot of information about wildlife tourism, focusing on tigers. He claims that other wildlife problems such as poaching and the illegal sale of wildlife has created a never-ending cycle of wildlife abuse because many governments and nations rely on the revenue made from wildlife tourism to fund anti-poaching measures and protection. So, in a way, tourism is the reason that many animals are protected and conserved but also the reason why many are abused, exploited, and die. Some of the information is cited from organizations but much of it is from the author himself. This relates to my topic since it offers an explanation as to why tourism is so widespread and can’t be destroyed. This information can be used in one of my counterarguments why tourism cannot, realistically, be ended. The article was published in 2012 so the information is still pretty accurate to an extent.
Duffy, Rosaleen, and Lorraine Moore. "Global Regulations and Local Practices: The Politics and Governance of Animal Welfare in Elephant Tourism." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 19.4-5 (2011): 589-604. Web. 6 Feb. 2017.
- Both authors are faculty members of the Department of Politics at Manchester University in the UK. This paper examines challenges associated with global regulation of the tourism industry via an analysis of the use of elephants for trekking and safaris in Thailand and Botswana. It highlights inherent problems in applying universal principles in diverse locations. When regulations are created globally, they tend to have problems in different countries and locations because of dramatic differences in society and culture, among many others. This is also because of the argument of who has the power to regulate who and to what scale and effects. Instead the paper argues that global regulations need to engage with local level practices in order for the standards to work and be accepted. The evidence is cited from experts and other works, including NGOs. This kind of information can be used as evidence for the failure of legislation on the global stage and as a counterargument to other policies. The paper was published in 2011 and analyzes past regulations to argue the failure so much of the information is still accurate.
Duffy, Rosaleen, and Lorraine Moore. "Neoliberalising Nature? Elephant-Back Tourism in Thailand and Botswana." Antipode 42.3 (2010): 742-66. Web. 6 Feb. 2017.
- Both authors are faculty members of the Department of Politics at Manchester University in the UK. Their paper examines how elephant-back safaris in Thailand and Botswana has extended and deepened neoliberalism, the transfer of economic power from the public sector to the private sector, by targeting and opening up new frontiers in nature. The paper discusses how private business shape and impact wildlife conservation and tourism. When private business invest in business in the tourism industry it can promote better animal welfare and that the effects of neoliberalism in nature does not have to be negative. The evidence is in the information cited from other experts in fields of economics and business that have looked at the benefits of financial influence in industries like tourism, especially in developing countries. This information is relevant to my paper because business and government cooperation to promote animal welfare in the tourism industry can be used in another policy to combat animal abuse. The paper was published in 2010 so the information such as statistics may be old but much of its information is theoretical so that information isn’t time sensitive.
"Elephant Conservation in Thailand." EleAid. EleAid, n.d. Web. 03 Mar. 2017. <http://www.eleaid.com/country-profiles/elephants-thailand/>.
- There is no author specified but the article seems to have been written by an animal welfare organization. The information on the article about elephants in Thailand includes information on wild and domesticated elephants as well as conservation measures. These conservation measures include organizations that work closely with the National Parks Department to maintain the diversity and continuation of wild elephants in Thailand. The article cites many of these organizations and the National Parks Department. It will give me background information on elephants in Thailand, specifically, and I can use the information on conservation measures as part of my policies. There is no publication date on this article so the statistics may not be accurate but most of the information doesn’t seem to be time sensitive.
"Exposed: True Scale of Thailand's 'tiger Selfie' Tourism." World Animal Protection International. World Animal Protection, 25 July 2016. Web. 21 Feb. 2017. <https://www.worldanimalprotection.org/news/exposed-true-scale-thailands-tiger-selfie-tourism>.
- The author is an editor for the World Animal Protection non-profit organization although the article does mention a Julie Middelkoop, who is the head of “Wildlife – Not Entertainers” campaign. The organization is devoted to helping animals escape exploitation and abusive environments, worldwide. It collaborates with a number of United Nations bodies, such as the UN Environment Programme and the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, and persuades their audience to help in the fight for animal rights because they believe that helping animals helps people since we rely so much on them for food and many other resources. The organization investigates the entertainment venues, interviews animal attraction staff members, and gain information through reports from the UN bodies. They found that as the tiger entertainment industry increases in popularity, more tigers end up in captivity in a tourist attraction. The tigers are separated their mothers as cubs then spend their entire lives in the attractions being abused and develop behavioral problems due to the stressful environment. I will be using this article for my arguments because it describes how these wild animals are exploited and treated without regulations. Tourists and tourist attractions either don’t care or don’t realize how these animals develop psychological problems trying to cope with all of the stress of human interactions everyday then being starved and housed in small cages when the day is done. This article was published last July on World Animal Protection’s News so it is also pretty recent.
- I will be using this as evidence of the kind of abuse tigers receive in attractions
"Facts about Elephants." Elephant Nature Park. Elephant Nature Park, n.d. Web. 03 Mar. 2017. <https://www.elephantnaturepark.org/about/facts-about-elephants/>.
- The author is not specified but the information is written by a business, an Elephant Nature Park that rescues and rehabilitates abused elephants. It contains a lot facts about elephants and how the nature park helps these elephants that they rescue. The statistics were probably from experts that they employ at the nature park as well as researchers. The evidence is from these experts and researchers but some of the information on Thai culture and society may be from the owner or employees themselves because they are a part of the society. This kind of information relates to my topic because I can use the information as background information but also use information about the nature park as an addition to the policy for conservation centers and sanctuaries. There is no publication date on this website so some of the statistics may not accurate but most of the information seem to be background information or information about the business so those may be accurate.
Fennell, David A. "Exploring the Boundaries of a New Moral Order for Tourism's Global Code of Ethics: An Opinion Piece on the Position of Animals in the Tourism Industry." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 22.7 (2014): 983-96. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.
- The author, David Fennell, is a faculty member of the Department of Tourism Management at Brock University in Canada. The paper is an opinion piece that discusses the United Nations World Tourism Organization and its global code of ethics on welfare of those in the tourism industry, including animals. He argues that UNWTO does not protect the welfare of those who work in the tourism industry and are an important part of it so the code of ethics must be amended to include animal welfare, especially. The paper cites numerous experts and works to support his claims and he analyzes the code of ethics set by UNWTO as well. His evidence is also based on other experts in the field. This kind of information is relevant to my topic because it talks about another policy that was intended to protect animals in tourism but failed to. I can use this as evidence to strengthen my claims and as a counterargument. The paper was published in 2014 so the information isn’t very old and still accurate.
Ghosh, Nirmal. "Thailand Introduces New Laws to Tackle Animal Cruelty." The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings Ltd. Co., 22 Feb. 2016. Web. 24 Feb. 2017. <http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/thailand-introduces-new-laws-to-tackle-animal-cruelty>.
- The author is Nirmal Ghosh, the Indochina Bureau Chief in Bangkok. The article talks about the new legislation encouraging animal welfare in Thailand by creating penalties for animal cruelty. However, the article discusses the failure of this new legislation because of Thai culture and society. Since Thai society sees animals as living objects to use, they see no point in taking care of them. Evidence is cited from animal activists and an elephant nature park owner. The information related to my paper because it offers a lot of useful information that I will need to discuss the failure of legislation as a form of policy to combat animals abuse in tourism. The article was written last year in February so the information should be new and accurate. I’ll definitely be using this as a counterargument.
Higginbottom, Karen. Wildlife Tourism: Impacts, Management and Planning. Altona, Vic.: Common Ground, 2004. PDF. 31 Jan. 2017.
- The book gives a lot of information on wildlife tourism impacts, how they are managed in the past and currently that causes a number of effects, and how these tourist places can plan to be more sustainable and conservative. I think the purpose of this article is for tour operators and managers to stay up to date on information that can help their attractions be more eco-friendly. One of the biggest impacts that tourism has on wildlife that is discussed here is the human interaction as a stimulus that affects them. With just the mere presence of humans is a stressor to wild animals that make them change their behavior in many ways. For example, it can cause animals’ heart rates to increase which then triggers an increases in food consumption and leads to less prey/food. The editor, Karen Higginbottom is a wildlife tourism consultant and adjunct senior lecturer at Griffith University, Australia. The book was first published in 2004 so the information may be a bit dated but still holds a massive amount of information useful for research.
- I will be using this information to discuss the kinds of impacts that wildlife tourism has on communities and the environment, as well as on the animals. Some of the information can also be used as possible solutions and alternatives to wildlife cruelty.
Kasnoff, Craig. "Endangered Earth – Promoting the Plight of Endangered Species and the Efforts to Save Them." Endangered Earth. WordPress, n.d. Web. 31 Jan. 2017. <http://www.endangeredearth.com/>.
- The author of the short article is Craig Kasnoff, an endangered species journalist. It seems that he acquires his information through travels and interactions with other experts and organizations. The article gives some information on an endangered species of tigers and the extinction crisis of many animal species. He cites the IUCN Red List that contains the name of all of the endangered and extinct floras and fauna in some paragraphs. The information is relevant to my topic because it gives me information on the rate of animals becoming endangered and extinct and how. When I talk about animal abuse in tourism, I also can talk about how it could lead to death and the endangerment of the species. The article does not have a date of publication so the statistics and information may or may not be accurate at this time.
Kontogeorgopoulos, Nick. "Wildlife Tourism in Semi-captive Settings: A Case Study of Elephant Camps in Northern Thailand." Current Issues in Tourism 12.5-6 (2009): 429-49. Web. 6 Feb. 2017.
- The author, Nick Kontogeorgopoulos, is a faculty member of the International Political Economy Department at the University of Puget Sound. The paper discusses how many changing aspects of everyday life has made wildlife tourism in captive and semi-captive settings popular. It talks about the changing attitudes toward it as one aspect because once people become interested in the idea of interacting with live animals, attractions that offer it will become increasingly popular. The paper is peer reviewed and cites evidence from many experts and works so it is a credible source. It is relevant to my paper because it will give me some information on why my issue has become so important. With the increase in popularity, the animals used in attractions will increase as well. The paper was published in 2009 so the information does seem a little old but knowing that the popularity has increased, and continues to do so, will allow me to take that into account when writing my paper.
Krutwaysho, Oratai, and Bill Bramwell. "Tourism Policy Implementation and Society." Annals of Tourism Research 37.3 (2010): 670-91. Web. 3 Mar. 2017.
- Both authors are experts in tourism and tourism policy. Their paper examines tourism policy implementation using different kinds of approaches and their implications. The article is peer reviewed and cites many experts and other works. It discusses how some types of policy implementation may be more difficult than others depending on the society, culture, and people. This is very relevant to my paper since I am focusing on Thailand as a country and their government and people are the ones that the policies would affect. The paper was published in 2010 so the information somewhat old but I don’t think much of the information is time sensitive since a lot of the ideas are theoretical.
Newsome, David, Ross Kingston Dowling, and Susan A. Moore. Wildlife Tourism. Clevedon: Channel View, 2005. Print. 10 Mar. 2017.
- All 3 authors are experts on wildlife tourism and discuss the different kinds of wildlife tourism in their book, as well as discuss the impacts and planning frameworks. It describes how different kinds of animal attractions require different kinds of planning in order to be sustainable and ecofriendly. The book cites numerous experts and other works as evidence for support. Some of the information in this can relate to my paper because knowing what kinds of frameworks apply to different attractions can help me find good policies. The book was published in 2005 so the information may be old but I think a lot of the frameworks and management strategies can still be used today.
Okello, Moses M. "Economic Contribution, Challenges and Way Forward for Wildlife-Based Tourism Industry in Eastern African Countries Moses M." Journal of Tourism & Hospitality 03.01 (2014): n. pag. Web. 31 Jan. 2017.
- The author is a faculty member of the School for Field Studies at the Center for Wildlife Management Studies in Kenya. The article discusses how tourism impacts impoverished countries like those in Eastern Africa, whether it is financial or national development. The paper is peer reviewed and much of the information is cited from other scholarly sources and experts. The evidence is also from other experts and peer reviewed papers that talk about how tourism is a main source of income for developing nations and the challenges that these nations face if the environment does not stay intact. This relates to my paper because I can use this to argue for animal welfare as a way to protect and prolong the tourism industry for a developing nation like Thailand that relies on it for national revenue. The paper was published in 2014 so the information fairly new and accurate.
Paddock, Richard C. "Thai Officials Find 40 Dead Cubs in Freezer at Tiger Temple." The New York Times. The New York Times, 1 June 2016. Web. 31 Jan. 2017. <https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/02/world/asia/thailand-tiger-temple-dead-cubs.html>.
- The author is Richard Paddock, an editor for the New York Times. The article informs of an incident where a tiger conservation center abuses and exploits tigers. Tiger carcasses were found after a raid by wildlife authorities and the attraction has been shut down. Much of the information is given by representatives of the conservation center, wildlife authorities and agency, and the deputy director general of the Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation of Thailand. This information from the article relates to my topic of animal abuse in attractions and can be used as evidence of failed conservation centers that need standards for animal welfare. The article was written last year in June so this was a recent event and the information should be accurate.
Rattan, Jasveen K., Paul F.j. Eagles, and Heather L. Mair. "Volunteer tourism: its role in creating conservation awareness." Journal of Ecotourism 11.1 (2012): 1-15. Web. 10 Mar. 2017.
- All 3 authors are faculty members of the Department of Recreation and leisure studies at the University of Waterloo in Canada. The paper explores the impact of volunteer tourism on conservation awareness in tourists at the Elephant Nature Park in Thailand. The paper is based on a study administered through questionnaires and some of the information is taken from the nature park where the study took place. The information in this paper is relevant to my paper because it explores volunteer tourism as a way to spread conservation awareness in tourists. It can definitely be a policy that I can introduce as a possible solution. The paper was published in 2011 so the information is somewhat old but I don’t really think it is time sensitive information since it talks about an impact.
Sangpikul, Aswin. "Marketing Ecotourism Through the Internet: A Case of Ecotourism Business in Thailand." International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration 11.2 (2010): 107-37. Web. 10 Mar. 2017.
- The author, Aswin Sangpikul, is a faculty member of the Department of Hotel and Tourism Management at the Dhurakij Pundit University in Bangkok, Thailand. Her paper discusses how the advancement of technology impacts tourism in Thailand and includes recommendations for improving marketing strategies. The paper is peer reviewed and cites numerous papers and experts so it is very credible. However, the publish date was 2010 so the statistics and some information may be a little outdated. The information relates to my topic because understanding how technology and marketing impacts tourists can offer ways for promoting animal welfare by encouraging tourists to only visit attractions that take care of their animals.
- I will be using this information in a portion of my paper that discusses foreign pressure as a policy.
Schaul, Jordan Carlton. "Conserving Wildlife Through Responsible Tourism: An Interview With Dr. Michael Hutchins." National Geographic Society (blogs). National Geographic, 01 July 2014. Web. 28 Jan. 2017.
- The article is a based on an interview conducted by the author with Dr. Michael Hutchins who is a distinguished conservationist and noted authority on wildlife management and policy. The interview discusses the history of wildlife tourism and the impacts that it has on the environment over the years. There’s a section of the article where they discuss the impact that human activities have on animals and the regulations that are imposed to protect wildlife. Some countries like in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador tourists aren’t allowed on the islands without a trained guide. This section has great information on a number of regulations that countries have and it was published on July 1, 2014 so it’s still pretty accurate information.
- I will most likely use this as part of my argument because it gives a lot of information about the impacts of the wildlife industry and also what kinds of regulations that some places have already implemented in an effort to combat the negative impacts.
Snowdon, Kathryn. "Wildlife Tourism: The 10 'Cruelest' Animal Attractions, Revealed By World Animal Protection." The Huffington Post. The Huffington Post, 03 Feb. 2016. Web. 31 Jan. 2017. <http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2016/02/02/wildlife-tourism-10-cruelest-animal-attractions_n_9139682.html>.
- The author of the news article is Kathryn Snowdon, who is a news reporter for the Huffington Post UK. The article discusses how animal attractions abuse and exploit animals and much of the evidence is cited from a non-profit group called World Animal Protection. This organization does a lot of research to gather information on animals around the world so the information should be very accurate and credible. The information about the kinds of attractions and animal abuse in the article can be used for my paper as evidence of the lack of animal welfare in the wildlife tourism industry. Since this article was written in the beginning of February of 2016, the information should be recent and accurate.
"US Travel Site Inspired by Our TripAdvisor Breakthrough Stops Selling Tickets to Cruel Wildlife Venues." World Animal Protection International. World Animal Protection, 31 Jan. 2017. Web. 21 Feb. 2017. <https://www.worldanimalprotection.org/news/us-travel-site-inspired-our-tripadvisor-breakthrough-stops-selling-tickets-cruel-wildlife>.
- The author of this article is another editor of World Animal Protection (the same group from the previous article), although a specific name isn’t given. The organization information is listed in the annotated article above this. Recently, TripAdvisor committed to protecting animals by refusing to sell tickets to tourism destinations that practice animal abuse. This article talks about another American travel company, Your African Safari, that contacted World Animal Protection for advice and support in making the same bold move of refusing to sell tickets to certain destinations. It shows the comments from both, the founder of Your African Safari and the wildlife campaign manager form WAP, and describes the steps taken to help preserve and protect animals. I will be using this article as an exhibit to talk about possible steps that many travel companies and governments can take to help decrease animal abuse in tourism if regulations are not able to be created. The article was published on WAP less than a month ago, in January, so the information is very new.
"Wildlife Tourism Australia Policies, Guidelines and Best Practice." Wildlife Tourism Australia. Wildlife Tourism Australia, n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2017. <http://www.wildlifetourism.org.au/conservation/policies/>.
- Wildlife Tourism Australia (WTA) is a not for profit incorporated association representing tourist operations, educators, researchers, students, businesses, NGOs and individuals that support sustainable wildlife tourism in Australia. It provides a lot of information on wildlife and tourism including policies and guidelines on developing sustainable and animal friendly attractions. These guidelines and policies are detailed and have been used by many attractions in Australia that emphasize sustainability and animal welfare. The copyright year is 2016 so the information seems to be up-to-date.
- Since this organization does promote wildlife conservation, it obviously will be biased in its beliefs and perspectives; in favor of animal rights and conservation. Its articles are informative but also try to persuade its audience into taking steps necessary to help with the cause and to raise awareness. The article itself is a list of policies and steps that the association has produced to advise others on wildlife conservation and sustainability. It gives information from a book on Wildlife Tourism (by David Newsome et al.) and uses it as a kind of guideline on these policies for wildlife tourism businesses, such as guidelines to help with the planning and management of wildlife encounters, and policies on various types of wildlife attractions, such as trails and whaling. I will definitely be using this as information for my arguments on policies that can be implemented and benefit both animals and governments/countries.
- I will be using this information to talk about foreign pressure as a way to encourage policies that promote animal welfare in the wildlife tourism industry. I will also most likely cite this when talking about policies that can encourage animal welfare and why attractions should adopt them as it contains very detailed guidelines.
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