Sources Evaluations

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                The source evaluations were very helpful in terms of broadening my perspective on a problem. They also prepare me for the actual writing because I can easily refer to this document to find background info about an author, the credibility of the source, and the evidence I can use in my paper.

#1

Part I

Sherman, Justin. “Data Brokers Know Where You Are-and Want to Sell That Intel.” Wired, Conde Nast, 23 Aug. 2021, https://www.wired.com/story/opinion-data-brokers-know-where-you-are-and-want-to-sell-that-intel/. 

Part II

  1. The author Justin Sherman is a writer for multiple news platforms including The Washington Post and The Atlantic. He specializes in technology and geopolitics.
  2. The article’s main point is that there are many data brokers with billions of data about many individuals and this information is being sold to many companies and even some Federal agencies.
  3. The author used other news articles and the advertisement flier of mentioned companies to support his argument. In particular, the information and statistics from these sources are used.
  4. The purpose of this publication is to inform the audience that data privacy is constantly at risk.
  5. The publication is from a monthly magazine company and features credible sources. There should be very few biases or deficiencies in the work.

Part III

Data brokers openly “promulgate data on individuals’ demographic characteristics”.

A company named Acxion advertises its “location-based device data” service.

Federal agencies buy data from these brokers and this is a potential violation of people’s constitutional rights.

#2

Part I

Boshell, Paige M. “The Power of Place: Geolocation Tracking and Privacy.” Business Law Today from ABA, American Bar Association, 27 Mar. 2019, https://businesslawtoday.org/2019/03/power-place-geolocation-tracking-privacy/. 

Part II

  1. The Author Paige M. Boshell is a privacy and marketing counsel at USAA and specializes in privacy laws. She has earned multiple certifications as a Lawyer and advises her clients on technology, privacy, and cyber compliance-related issues.
  2. The article’s main point is to convey the idea that the current privacy protection laws in the U.S. are very limited and that there exists a secondary location-data market that is not addressed by law. The author indicates that regulatory intervention should be considered.
  3. The article is supported by a wide range of news articles and scholarly articles, and this evidence are integrated through quotations in sentences or paragraphs.
  4. The purpose of this publication is to inform the audience about the author’s research on the current state of how location privacy is and should be protected within the United States.
  5. The publisher of this article, the American Bar Association, is the largest voluntary association of lawyers in the world. This indicates a certain level of authority regarding the research on law and ensures the credibility of this article.

Part III

“At least 75 companies receive anonymous, precise location data from apps whose users enable location services to get local news and weather or other information, The Times found. Several of those businesses claim to track up to 200 million mobile devices in the United States—about half those in use last year.”

“California’s Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) (effective July 1, 2020) provides that protected “personal information” includes “geolocation data” that “identifies, relates to, describes, is capable of being associated with, or could reasonably be linked, directly or indirectly, with a particular consumer or household.” The effect of this protection would be to enable consumers to (1) find out what types of location data are being collected and how it is used, and (2) direct companies to (a) delete location data under certain circumstances, and (b) refrain from selling location data to third parties.”

#3

Part I

Valentino-DeVries, Jennifer, et al. “Your Apps Know Where You Were Last Night, and They're Not Keeping It Secret.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 10 Dec. 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/12/10/business/location-data-privacy-apps.html. 

Part II

  1. The author Jennifer Valentino-DeVries is a reporter and investigator for the New York Times. She was part of a team that was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in explanatory report in 2012 for her work on digital privacy.
  2. The main point of the article is that some companies might ask the permission of users for location access without telling them that such information will be shared.
  3. The author cleverly used an interactive google map model to show how one’s location can be accurately tracked and what it looks like from a satellite view.
  4. The purpose of this publication is to inform the audience of the threats of location monitoring.
  5. The source should be very credible because the New York Times is a widely known news agency, and the author’s credibility is very solid from her experiences.

Part III

“Many location companies say that when phone users enable location services, their data is fair game. But, The Times found, that the explanations people see when prompted to give permission are often incomplete or misleading. An app may tell users that granting access to their location will help them get traffic information, but not mention that the data will be shared and sold. That disclosure is often buried in a vague privacy policy.”

“There is no federal law limiting the collection or use of such data. Still, apps that ask for access to users’ locations, prompting them for permission while leaving out important details about how the data will be used, may run afoul of federal rules on deceptive business practices, said Maneesha Mithal, a privacy official at the Federal Trade Commission.”

#4

Part I

“What Is GDPR, the EU's New Data Protection Law?” GDPR.eu, 13 Feb. 2019, https://gdpr.eu/what-is-gdpr/. 

Part II

  1. The author’s name is not mentioned.
  2. The main point of the article is to address the role and duty of GDPR.
  3. The article used quotations from GDPR articles, which are official articles of the European Union. 
  4. The purpose of this publication is to inform the audience about the details of GDPR and explain how it is the toughest privacy protection law in the world.
  5. There should be very minimum bias in this article since this article contains official information that was released by the European Union.

Part III

“With the GDPR, Europe is signaling its firm stance on data privacy and security at a time when more people are entrusting their personal data with cloud services and breaches are a daily occurrence. The regulation itself is large, far-reaching, and fairly light on specifics, making GDPR compliance a daunting prospect, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).”

“Consent must be “freely given, specific, informed and unambiguous.”

Requests for consent must be “clearly distinguishable from the other matters” and presented in “clear and plain language.””

#5

Part I

Nakashima, Ryan. “AP Exclusive: Google Tracks Your Movements, like It or Not.” AP NEWS, Associated Press, 13 Aug. 2018, https://apnews.com/article/north-america-science-technology-business-ap-top-news-828aefab64d4411bac257a07c1af0ecb. 

Part II

  1. Ryan Nakashima is a technology writer working for the Associated Press.
  2. The main argument is Google can still track users history from other methods, and turning off location service merely turns off one location tracking.
  3. The article used evidence by researchers from Princeton. There is also an interview with senator Mark Warner of Virginia.
  4. The purpose of this publication is to convey its findings on Google's numerous methods of tracking its user
  5. The article comes from a widely known publication and has supported its claim with multiple pieces of evidence. Therefore, there should be a very minimal amount of bias.

Part III

““There are a number of different ways that Google may use location to improve people’s experience, including: Location History, Web and App Activity, and through device-level Location Services,” a Google spokesperson said in a statement to the AP. “We provide clear descriptions of these tools, and robust controls so people can turn them on or off, and delete their histories at any time.”

“Google also says location records stored in My Activity are used to target ads. Ad buyers can target ads to specific locations — say, a mile radius around a particular landmark — and typically have to pay more to reach this narrower audience.”

#6

Part I

Gray, Stacy. “A Closer Look at Location Data: Privacy and Pandemics.” Future of Privacy Forum, 25 Mar. 2020, https://fpf.org/blog/a-closer-look-at-location-data-privacy-and-pandemics/. 

Part II

  1. Stacy Gray is the director of legislative Research & Analysis at the future of privacy forum
  2. The main topic is to explore how location data can be gathered and analyzed for measures against Covid-19.
  3. The article used multiple charts and diagrams to explain the science behind location tracking. The author also referred to documents provided by Google that further explained the details.
  4. The purpose of this article is to discuss the relationship between privacy and public safety on the use of location tracking during the pandemic.
  5. This article should be credible because it used multiple official sources and included a wide range of data.

Part III

Location data can be collected from GPS, Cell Towers, Wi-Fi Networks, Bluetooth Beacons.

“it is very challenging to make any dataset of individual precise location data truly “anonymous.” Even if unique identifiers are used instead of names, most people’s behavior can be easily traced back to them…”

#7

Part I

Hoffman, David. “The U.S. Must Have Strong Enforcement for a Successful Privacy Regime.” Intel Communities, Intel Corporation, 27 May 2019, https://community.intel.com/t5/Blogs/Intel/Policy-Intel/The-U-S-Must-Have-Strong-Enforcement-for-a-Successful-Privacy/post/1333096. 

Part II

  1. David Hoffman is the associated general counsel and global privacy officer working for Intel.
  2. The central argument of this article is to persuade the audience for a stronger and more comprehensive federal regulation on consumer privacy to be adopted in the U.S..
  3. The author quoted from sections of GDPR and referred to the FTC’s reports in the article.
  4. The purpose is to address the lack of a federal regulation that protects consumers’ technological privacy.
  5.  The source should be credible because Intel is a widely known company, and the article mostly includes public information from official sources.

 

Part III

In order to support these additional responsibilities, the Commission will require more resources. The FTC’s research capacity, knowledge of technology and number of staff are inadequate, making it impossible for the agency to fully protect individuals. As technology has evolved, so has the complexity of the FTC’s investigations and cases, while its resources have not kept pace. “

#8

Part I

Tsang, Samantha. Here Are the Contact Tracing Apps Being Deployed around the World, International Association of Privacy Professionals, 18 Aug. 2020, https://iapp.org/news/a/here-are-the-contact-tracing-apps-being-employed-around-the-world/. 

Part II

  1. The author Samantha Tsang is a member contributor of the International Association of Privacy Professionals.
  2. The article’s argument is talking about the difference between each country's approach to Covid-19 contact tracing utilizing cell phone tracking.
  3. The article included hyperlinks to many other sources.
  4. The purpose of this article is to inform the audience of cell phone tracking and covid tracking.
  5. The organization IAPP is to be said the largest information privacy community, thus should be credible.

Part III

“The American Civil Liberties Union is cautiously optimistic, stating in its report, “there are risks to fundamental civil liberties posed by poorly designed systems in this space” and “location tracking and massive centralized surveillance should be off the table, but proximity tracking could be useful.” Although the U.S. has not implemented any contact tracing apps, a look into other countries’ contact tracing apps may give insight into what’s to come. “

#9

Part I

Vittorio, Andrea. “Google Location Data Tempts Police While Privacy Advocates Worry.” Bloomberg Law, Bloomberg Law, 11 Apr. 2022, https://news.bloomberglaw.com/privacy-and-data-security/google-location-data-tempts-police-while-privacy-advocates-worry. 

Part II

  1. Andrea Vittorio is a reporter for Bloomberg Law.
  2. The central topic is to address privacy advocacy groups’ concerns over police’s use of location tracking.
  3. The author used satellite images and charts to explain the process of location tracking.
  4. The purpose is to address the concerns with the boundary of location data and law enforcement.
  5. The sources quoted from several state laws and used evidence from actual examples, therefore should avoid bias.

Part III

“Google’s data is more precise than other location information that’s collected when a mobile phone pings nearby cell towers. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 2018 in Carpenter v. United States that a warrant is required for law enforcement officials to access cell tower location history.”

#10

Part I

Galperin, Eva and Malaika Fraley. “EFF Urges FTC to Investigate Stalkerware App Network Subject of TechCrunch Report.” Electronic Frontier Foundation, Electronic Frontier Foundation, 17 Mar. 2022, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2022/02/eff-urges-ftc-investigate-stalkerware-app-network-subject-techcrunch-report. 

Part II

  1. Eva Galperin the director of cybersecurity for the electronic frontier foundation. Malaika Fraley is a criminal justice reporter working for the electronic frontier foundation.
  2. The argument is that stalkerware is a dangerous tech-related problem.
  3. The evidence included are linked reports and articles.
  4. The purpose is to persuade FTC to regulate stalkerware applications.
  5. The article should be credible because it used multiple trusted sources.

Part III

“The FTC last year banned the Android app company Support King and its CEO Scott Zuckerman from the surveillance business for its stalkerware app SpyFone. The first outright ban of a stalkerware company, the FTC’s case against Support King happened two years after EFF and its Director of Cybersecurity Eva Galperin launched the Coalition Against Stalkerware to combat and shut down malicious stalkerware apps.”

#11

Part I

Kerry, Cameron F. “Breaking down Proposals for Privacy Legislation: How Do They Regulate?” Brookings, The Brookings Institution, 9 Mar. 2022, https://www.brookings.edu/research/breaking-down-proposals-for-privacy-legislation-how-do-they-regulate/. 

Part II

  1. Cameron F. Kerry is a scholar on privacy, AI, and technology as part of Brookings. He previously worked at the U.S. Department of Commerce with a focus on technology, security, and economics.
  2. The topic of the argument is to discuss the details of Intel’s proposed idea.
  3. The evidence includes multiple charts of obligations and regulations from the drafted document.
  4. The purpose is to visualize Intel’s advocacy and make it easy to comprehend for the public.
  5. The source should be credible because it quoted from official sources and linked to other supporting documents.

Part III

“Intel’s takes a more familiar path, applying well-established Fair Information Practice Principles (FIPPs) as elements of required data privacy and security programs. These principles have historically incorporated notice-and-consent as well as data processing practices, which cloaks a departure from notice-and-consent in subtle, yet significant ways in Intel’s latest draft”

#12

Part I

Rich, Jessica. “Complaint Urges FTC to Investigate the Location Data Industry.” Ad Law Access, Kelley Drye & Warren, 26 Apr. 2022, https://www.adlawaccess.com/2022/04/articles/complaint-urges-ftc-to-investigate-the-location-data-industry/. 

Part II

  1. Jessica Rich is the former director of the FTC Bureau of Consumer Protection. She focuses on consumer protection including consumer privacy and advertising.
  2. The topic is explaining CAIR’s complaint on FTC’s lack of regulation on the location data industry.
  3. The pieces of evidence include CAIR’s official document and some articles from the FTC.
  4. The purpose of the article is to inform the audience about the context of the complaint and provides a summary of it.
  5. There should be very little bias within the article because it is supported by credible sources.

Part III

“Finally, the complaint emphasizes that the FTC is the only federal agency with sufficient authority to “rein in” the numerous actors in the industry, while also suggesting the agency has been slow to act here. Of note, the complaint mentions as a “good start” efforts brought during Obama Administration, including the FTC’s 2014 data broker report and its flashlight app and In Mobi cases. (I can’t resist mentioning that I was the Bureau Director then, and that our other “good starts” included cases against Snapchat and Aaron’s, mobile health app guidance, and Congressional testimony all of which addressed concerns raised by location tracking.)”

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